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Plant Conservation in
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National Red Data Books

Vörös Könyv, a magyarországon kipusztult és veszélyeztetett növény- és állatfajok [Red Data Book. The extinct and endangered plant and animal species of Hungary]. Z. Rakonczay (ed.). 1989. Pp. 566. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. (With English summary)

Vörös Lista. Magyarország veszélyeztetett fa- és cserjefajai. [Red List. Threatened trees and shrubs in Hungary]. D. Bartha. 2000. Sopron.

Vörös Könyv Magyarország növénytársulásairól [Red Data Book of the Hungarian Plant Communities]. A. Borhidi & A. Sántha (eds). 1999. Pp. 362+404. TermészetBÚVÁR Alapítvány Kiadó, Budapest.

Algologists plan to prepare a Red List for Algae in a few years' time.

Floras

Vascular Plants

Közép-Európa délkeleti részének fórája képekben [Iconography of the flora from the South-Eastern part of Central Europe]. S. Jávorka & V. Csapody. 1991. Pp. 584. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. (With 40 coloured plates and 4090 plant drawings)

Magyar Flóra [Flora of Hungary]. S. Jávorka. 1925. Pp. 1290. Studium, Budapest. (Field guide)

A magyar flóra és vegetáció rendszertani-növényföldrajzi kézikönyve I-VI [The taxonomical-geobotanical handbook of the Hungarian flora and vegetation]. R. Soó. 1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1980. Pp. 589, 655, 506+51, 614, 724, 556. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

Baktérium-, alga-, gomba-, zuzmó-, és mohahatározó [Field guide to bacteria, algae, lichens and mosses]. T. Simon (ed.). 2000. Pp. 796. Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest.

A magyarországi edényes flóra határozója [Field guide to the vascular flora of Hungary]. T. Simon. 2000. Pp. 976. Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest. (The most recent field guide to all the vascular flora of Hungary)

Vadon élő orchideák [Wild Orchids]. A. Molnár, J. Sulyok & R. Vidéki. 1995. Pp. 160. Kosssuth, Budapest. (Field guide to all native Hungarian orchids with colour photos, habitats, descriptions, distribution maps).

Magyarország védett növényei [Protected plant species of Hungary]. S. Farkas (ed.). 1999. Pp. 418. Mezőgazda, Budapest. (Including international red lists, and all the protected plant species of Hungary with photos, distribution maps and descriptions)

Bryophytes

Magyarország Mohaflórája [The moss flora of Hungary]. S. Orbán & L. Vajda. 1983. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

Bryogeographie und Bryoflora Ungarns. Á. Boros. 1968. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

Lichens

Magyarország zuzmóflórájának kézikönyve [Key to the lichens of Hungary]. K. Verseghy. 1994.
Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest.

Vegetation

Hungary is in the Pannonian biogeographical region and is the meeting point of two major vegetation zones – broadleaved forests and forest-steppes. Before intensive human impact, 85% of the country was covered by forest but now only 19.1% is forested, 7.1% being considered natural or semi-natural forest. Surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains are plains of thick alluvial and loess deposits from which the Trans-Danubian Mid-mountains and the Northern Hungarian Mountains emerge to 600-1000 m with rocky slopes, plateaux and deep valleys. The most characteristic vegetation types are: a) forest steppe vegetation on sand (inland sand dunes, Pannonian steppic grasslands on sand, juniper-poplar forests); b) limestone and dolomitic vegetation (rock-grasslands, rocky slopes, thermophilous Pubescent Oak (Quercus pubescens) and Manna Ash (Fraxinus ornus) woods with Cotinus coggygria; c) vast areas of Pannonian alkaline vegetation (salt lakes, Artemisia steppes, salt marshes, tall-forb saline meadows), forming the northern representatives of the continental alkaline vegetation of the Pontian region; d) Pannonian Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) with Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) forests, widespread in mild hill regions but many suffering from drastic forest management; e) Pannonian loess vegetation (loess steppes, Acer tataricum steppe oak woods), a westernmost continuation of the vast steppes of Ukraine and south Russia, but since the soil is very favourable for agriculture only small patches remain. Complementing the typical Pannonian vegetation are extensive beech forests on the higher parts of the mountain ranges. Alluvial mixed and riparian forests cover large areas along rivers and streams mostly in the plains and in the wider valleys of the hills. There are also remarkable examples of rich fens along the plains of the larger rivers.

Plant Conservation Programmes

The Hungarian Biodiversity Monitoring System. A network of 124 quadrats of 5 by 5 km as sampling units has been designated. The vegetation of these quadrats is mapped and evaluated in a standard way every 5 years and changes in vegetation analysed. Plant communities and species are also mapped.

The Hungarian Biodiversity Monitoring System manual series (11 vols) contain the theoretical and methodological foundation of biodiversity monitoring. Key sections include:

Nemzeti Biodiverzitás-monitorozó Rendszer II. A magyarországi élőhelyek leírása, határozója és a Nemzeti Élőhely-osztályzási rendszer [The Hungarian Biodiversity Monitoring System II. Description and identification key to Hungarian habitat types and the National Habitat Classification System]. G. Fekete, Zs Molnár & F. Horváth (eds.). 1997. Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest.

Nemzeti Biodiverzitás-monitorozó Rendszer II. III. Növénytársulások, társuláskomplexek és élőhelymozaikok [The Hungarian Biodiversity Monitoring System III. Plant communities, community complexes and habitat mosaics]. E. Kovácsné Láng & K. Török (eds.). 1997. Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest.

Nemzeti Biodiverzitás-monitorozó Rendszer IV. A magyarországi élőhelyek leírása, határozója és a Nemzeti Élőhely-osztályzási rendszer. Növényfajok [The Hungarian Biodiversity Monitoring System IV. Plant species]. K. Török (ed.). 1997. Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest.

Conservation plans for plant species are coordinated by the Nature Conservation Authorities of the Ministry of Environment (further info: Lívia Fodor kisne@mail.kvvm.hu)

There is a standard format for the conservation plans compiled by specialist (researcher scientists and workers of the Nature Protection Authorities) with sections on taxonomy, morphological description, ecological and life-traits, range, nature conservation status, threats, monitoring, action plans. In 2003 conservation plans were completed for 10 species (Dianthus diutinus, Adonis x hybrida, Crambe tatatria, Gladiolus palustris, Onosma tornensis, Salvia nutans, Nepeta parviflora, Paeonia officinalis subsp. banatica, Pulsatilla patens, Ferula sadleriana). In 2004 conservation plans are in progress for 6 more species (Liparis loeselii, Bulbocodium vernum, Dracocephalum austriacum, Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. hungarica, Cypripedium calceorus).

Key Institutions

Környezetvédelmi és Vízügyi Minisztérium Természetvédelmi Hivatala [Nature Conservation Authorites of the Ministry of Environment and Water], Költő u. 21, 1121 Budapest.

Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (Head Office), Ady Endre út 9-11, 2000 Szentendre (website in Hungarian - www.rec.hu).

WWF Hungary, 78/B Németvölgyi út, 1124 Budapest.

Institutes

Ökológiai és Botanikai Kutatóintézete, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences], Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót.

Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum Növénytára [Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Botany], Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, 1087 Budapest.

Universities

Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem [Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University], Pázmány Péter stny. 1/b, 1117 Budapest.

Debreceni Egyetem TTK Növénytani Tanszék [Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen], Egyetem tér 1, 4010 Debrecen.

Nyugat–Magyarországi Egyetem Növénytani Tanszék [Department of Plant Science, University of West Hungary], Bajcsy-Zsilinszky u. 4, 9400 Sopron.

Pécsi Tudományegyetem Növénytani Tanszé [Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs], Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs.

Szegedi Tudományegyetem Növénytani Tanszék és Füvészkert; Ökológia Tanszék [Department of Plant Science and Botanical Garden; Department of Ecology, University of Szeged], Egyetem u. 2, 6722 Szeged.

Other useful links

National Parks

Aggtelek National Park www.anp.hu
Balaton Uplands National Park www.bfnpi.hu
Duna-Dráva National Park www.ddnp.hu
Duna-Ipoly National Park www.dinpi.hu
Ferto-Hanság National Park
Hortobágy National Park www.hnp.hu
Kiskunság National Park www.knp.hu
Körös-Maros National Park www.kmnp.hu
Őrség National Park
Bükki National Park

Acknowledgement

This page was compiled by Eszter Illyés with the kind help of Peter Ódor (bryophytes), Éva Ács (algae), Irén Schiller (fungi), Edit Farkas and László Lökős (lichens).

Created November 2004. Last updated May 2006.

Map of Europe

Vascular plants: c. 2450 species (surveillance in progress – Simon, 2000)
Bryophytes: c. 566 (new checklist in prep. - Ódor pers. com.)
Lichens: c. 800 (Farkas & Lökős, pers. com.)
Algae: c. 2-3000 species (Ács, pers. com.).

50 species of vascular plants are endemic, as are many lichens. No bryophytes are endemic.

Vascular plants:

5 species are globally threatened;
38 species are threatened on a European scale.

Bryophytes:

Endangered: 3
Vulnerable: 12
Rare: 32
Insufficiently Known: 3

Total: 50 species.

Source: Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (1995).

Threatened spp Vascular plants:

Extinct: 36
Directly threatened: 41
Actually threatened: 127
Potentially threatened: 386

Total: 590

Source: National Red Data Book (Rakonczay, 1989).

Bryophytes

Extinct: 4
Directly threatened: 32
Actually threatened: 39
Potentially threatened: 45

Total: 120 species

Source: National Red Data Book (Rakonczay, 1989).

Lichens:

Extinct: 18
Vulnerable: 16
Rare (with decreasing area): 30

Total: 64 species

Source: Verseghy, 1994

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